中级阅读-阅读1_真题-无答案

中级阅读-阅读1 (总分21,考试时间90分钟)

Test 1 ·Look at the statements below and the text on budgeting. ·Which section (A, B, C or D) does each statement refer to? ·For each statement, mark one letter (A, B, C or D) on your Answer Sheet. ·You will need to use some of these letters more than once.

Budgeting A

Budgeting in a business sense is the planned allocation of available funds to each department within a company. Budgeting allows executives to control overspending in less productive areas and put **pany assets into areas which generate significant income or good public relations. Budgeting is usually handled during meetings with accountants, financial experts and representatives from each department affected by the budgeting. B

In a personal financing sense, budgeting can mean estimating monthly living expenses based on previous bills and wages. If your monthly income is a steady $3000, for example, you can subtract all of your known monthly bills from that figure even before they arrive. Some bills can be estimated and subtracted from the original income figure. The remaining balance after fixed expenses now becomes your household budget. Instead of assigning dollar amounts for sundries such as groceries, entertainment, gas and clothing, budgeting allows you to use percentages instead. C

The key to successful budgeting is both flexibility and inflexibility. Certain expenses are fixed, so payment of those bills should be an inflexible element. Nothing is more important than paying those particular bills in full. In business, departments need to know the absolute ceiling on spending. Budgeting works best when very few exceptions are made to the upper limits. The idea of fiscal responsibility is to form a workable budget and stick to it as well as possible. D

Budgeting also requires an element of flexibility. It isn't always possible to assign a fixed dollar amount on a project in January and expect the budget to remain stable in July. There are always unexpected events which can drastically change the priorities of a company or an individual. Without flexible budgeting, money allocated for one purpose could not be reallocated during a fiscal emergency. An unexpected drop in sales revenue in March can affect the budgeting plans in November, so accountants and financial officers need to adjust their figures regularly.

1. Budgeting enables to avoid spending excessively. 2. Budgeting should be responsive to the changes. 3. Budgeting needs mutual efforts of several sections.

4. Budgeting makes the proportion among various expenses known. 5. It is advisable to pay the debts on a regular basis.

6. Budgeting is a useful tool to develop a cost-effective and productive plan. 7. Budgeting can tell you if you live within your means:

Test 2 ·Look at the statements below and the text on marketing segmentation. ·Which section (A, B, C or D) does each statement refer to? ·For each statement, mark one letter (A, B, C or D) on your Answer Sheet. ·You will need to use some of these letters more than once.

Marketing Segmentation A

Market segmentation means dividing a market for goods or services into distinct subdivisions. It takes a vague undistinguished group of consumers and uncovers those who have similar needs, those who make purchases or use products or services in the same. A market segment is a subgroup of people sharing similar consumer characteristics. And because each segment shares the same attitudes and behaviors, they generally respond the same to a given marketing strategy. B

Markets can be divided in many ways. Small segments are sometimes called niche or specialty markets. One broad distinction is between industrial (business) and consumer markets. Despite overlaps in approach, the segmentation processes for these two separate markets can be quite distinct. Market also involves helping to choose which segments to focus on, or designing an appropriate set of ways to approach each market segment, or planning ways and methods to address **petition. C

After identifying similar groups among customers and potential customers, the next goal of market segmentation is to prioritise which groups to address so as to best maximize market results. And then, to craft appropriate marketing strategies that satisfy the different consumers' preferences of each segment. D

The process of market segmentation is to study, define, attract, serve and hold segment or segments of the market which **pany can most effectively and profitably address. Since the needs of customers, and how they decide between to choose one product or service over another, are shared by similar individuals in a segment, companies can use that to find groups of consumers that share those similar buying habits and criteria and study them in depth and address and satisfy them better. In that way **pany can determine which groups of customers it can best and most profitably serve and which of its products and services can outstrip **petition in dominating that

target market.

1. Companies can know their strengths and benefit from the market segmentation. 2. Market should be diversified in order to satisfy different customers.

3. Market segmentation is useful to establish targets, choose positions and marketing mix.

4. What consumers favour should be taken into consideration when designing a marketing strategy.

5. The same consumption patterns are worth researching and making good use of. 6. Products or services should vary and serve different groups of consumers. 7. To get the most returns, specific groups should be put in the first place.

Test 3 ·Look at the statements below and the following advertisements. ·Which section (A, B, C or D) does each statement refer to? ·For each statement, mark one letter (A, B, C or D) on your Answer Sheet. ·You will need to use some of these letters more than once.

Advertisements A

This book examines concentration on the market for **pany audits, the potential for smaller accounting firms' growth to ease market concentration, and proposals that have been offered by others for easing concentration and the barriers facing smaller firms in expanding their market shares. This is an edited and excerpted version. B

Like it or not, the automobile industry is now and will remain an overwhelming factor in the lives of most people. If not an owner and driver, then as a pedestrian or a breather of air which is being polluted by the gas-guzzling and vile-air belching monsters created for our individual hedonistic pleasure. This book presents issues of current interest to those who cannot ignore their presence. C

This book highlights the importance of studying similarity of business cycles across countries and answers the theoretical question about the behavior of fluctuations in economic activities over different phases of business cycles. This is done by analyzing cross-country data that provides sufficient empirical justifications on the behavior of economic activities to conclude that business cycles are alike. Furthermore, the book maintains, from the recent empirical research, that business cycles fluctuations are asymmetric. D

Amidst a sharp rise in commodity investing, many have asked **modities nowadays move in sync with traditional financial assets. The authors provide evidence that challenges this idea. Using dynamic correlation and recursive cointegration techniques, they found that the relation between the returns on **modity and U.S. equity indices has not changed significantly in the last fifteen years. The authors also find no evidence of any secular increase in co-movement between

the returns on commodity and equity investments during periods of extreme returns.

1. The information in the book is adapted for the special needs. 2. The book discusses the adverse effects of car industry.

3. The information provided by the book may be useful for financial professionals. 4. The book includes the suggestions to help solve the growth problems. 5. The book involves the economic situations of many countries. 6. The book proves a popular idea wrong by scientific methods. 7. The book describes how the economy rises and declines.