制度是由一系列规则构成的体系，是人类社会各种关系的反映和体现。（2分）制度有广义和狭义之分。广义的制度指的是一个社会为确定人们的相互关系而人为设定的一些约束规则，（2分）狭义的制度指的就是正式约束及其结构化的形式，特别是社会组织机构及其所遵循的规则。（2分）
按照传统的看法，政治制度指的是在特定社会中，统治阶级通过组织政权以实现其政治统治的原则和方式的总和。（2分）从更为宽泛的角度看，政治制度是指社会政治领域中要求政治实体遵行的各类准则或规范。（2分）
2．当代中国政治制度有哪些基本结构是什么？
中华人民共和国政治制度的基本内容应当包括：人民民主专政制度，宪法制度，政党制度，人民代表大会制度，国家元首制度，国家行政制度，民族区域自治制度，特别行政区制度，司法制度，军事制度，干部人事制度，多党合作和政治协商制度，选举制度，以及基层自治与民主制度等。（少1项扣1分） 3．当代中国政治制度有哪些特色？
第一，当代中国政治制度具有广泛的阶级基础。（2分） 第二，当代中国政治制度保障人民当家作主的权利。（2分） 第三，当代中国政治制度坚持中国共产党的领导。（2分） 第四，当代中国政治制度具有本质上的优越性。（2分） 第五，当代中国政治制度能够实现自身的改革和完善。（2分）
4．何谓“依法治国”？如何“依法治国”？
所谓依法治国，就是广大人民群众在党的领导下，依照宪法和法律规定，通过各种途
径和形式管理国家事务，管理经济文化事业．管理社会事务，保证国家各项工作都依法进行，逐步实现社会主义民主的制度化、法律化，使这种制度和法制不因领导人的改变而改变，不因领导人看法和注意力的改变而改变。所以依法治国实际上就是实行法治。（4分）
依法治国首先要有法可依，这就要求国家必须加强社会主义法制建设，建立中国特色社会主义法律体系。（2分）
依法治国突出表现在依法行政方面。（2分）
建设社会主义法治国家还必须以司法公正为目标，推进司法体制改革（2分）。
5．电子政务有哪些优点？
第一，电子政务可以实现信息、资源和组织的高度整合（2分） 第二，电子政务具有良好的交互性。（2分） 第三，电子政务可以促进政务公开。（2分） 第四，电子政务可以提高行政效率。（2分）
第五，电子政务有利于提高政治参与的水平。（2分）
10．什么是国家机构？我国的国家机构的主要内容是什么？组织活动原则是什么？
国家机构是统治阶级为实现其统治和管理的职能，按照一定原则建立起来的一整套国家机关的总称。它包括立法机关、行政机关、审判机关、检察机关和军事机关等。（4分）
具体内容包括：全国人民代表大会是最高国家权力机关；中华人民共和国主席是国家
元首机关；国务院，即中央人民政府，是最高国家权力机关的执行机关，是最高国家行政机关；中央军事委员会是国家最高军事机关，领导全国的武装力量；地方各级人民代表大会是地方各级国家权力机关，地方各级人民政府是地方各级国家行政机关；民族自治地方的自治机关是自治区、自治州、自治县的人民代表大会和人民政府；人民法院是国家审判机关；人民检察院是国家的法律监督机关；城市和农村按居民居住地区设立的居民委员会或者村民委员会是基层群众性自治组织。（6分）
国家机构组织活动原则：
ull strictly rule party is all members common responsibility, must implementation to each branch and each name members. 3 ... Play a vanguard and exemplary role in life. Keep to the correct political orientation, political sensitivity and political judgment, dare to fight against all kinds of wrong thought, wrong words and deeds. (2) firmly establish consciousness of the party, the party member's consciousness. Focus on some party members sense of organization and discipline, they do not participate in the Organization, is not required to pay membership dues for a long time, do not play a vanguard and exemplary role, some don't even mention membership, fail to make a distinction between right and wrong, failing to observe political discipline and rules, and so on. Always keep in mind that he is a Communist, strengthen party spirit, listening party, party, party, party, party party guarding party, at the party, the party for the party. (3) strengthening the consciousness of the party's purpose. Focus on people's conception of some party members, lack of sense of service, do not care for the masses did not take the initiative, and some even hurt public interests, job, excellent thick friends, eating, and so on. Bearing in mind the fundamental purpose of serving, top people at heart, close ties with the masses, be kind to people, dedicated to public service and play a part in poverty relief, with practical actions to win the trust and support of the masses. (4) actively practicing the Socialist core values. Focus on do not observe stringent members, knowledge out of devotion, talk about ethics, good faith is not enough, and some even value distortions, moral misconduct, sexy vulgar, materialistic, and so on. Strengthening moral cultivation, Zonta for good, pay attention to self-discipline, spiritual pursuit, to internalize the core values into conscious action, with exemplary behavior influence and lead people. (5) set up in the practice of promoting reform, development and stability. Focus on some party members with the status quo, a less aggressive mood, depressed, saying sluggish again, just to get by not seeking guodeying, some even perfunctory address, evading responsibility and other issues. Actively adapt to the economic development of the new normal, seriously implement the new development philosophy, hard work hard work hard, based on their own dedication. Second, on the Council of the section-level cadres above requirements section above party cadres to take the lead in the education working closely with leading practice, lern more, better, more strict requirements, higher, and strive to improve the ideological and political quality and theoretical levels. 1. Constitution Party rules. System learning understanding CPC articles, in full grasp basic content of based Shang, focus master Constitution master and members, and party of organization system, and party of Central Organization, and party of place organization, and party of grass-roots organizations, and party of cadres, and party of discipline, chapter content, deep grasp \"two a vanguard\" of nature and mission, further clear \"four a service\" of requirements, master members leaders must has of six items basic conditions. Studying the code of self-discipline of the CPC the CPC disciplinary regulations regulations of the CPC local committees of the party work of the Chinese Communist Party (for trial implementation) Ordinance, such as the selection and appointment of party and Government leading cadres work of important laws and regulations within balanced and run the satisfaction of the people education. Room XX City Bureau of educational supervision of XX municipality May 6, 2016 County economic information and Business Council System Committee \"two learn a do\" learning arrangements specific programme for advance full strictly rule party, according to County Organization Department on County \"two learn a do\" learning arrangements of specific programme and I Board learning education implementation programme spirit, according to distinguish level, and has targeted solution problem of requirements, ensure learning education made effectiveness, promote all members consciously respected Constitution, and comply with party rules, with XI General Secretary series important speech spirit armed mind, and guide practice, and Promote the work and be qualified party members and learning arrangements are hereby makes the following specific programmes. Learning requirements, on all party members to study the party Constitution and party rules and unify the XI series of important speech, General Secretary, speech learning series to deepen understanding of the Constitution Party rules, Constitution Party rules in the deep insight series address the basic spirit and practical requirements. 1. Constitution Party rules. Learning of the party Constitution, a deep understanding of the party's nature, purpose, guiding principles, goals, organization, good style, grasp conditions, rights and obligations of party members, bearing in mind that oath, clear qualified party member criteria and conditions. Learning the code of self-discipline of the CPC, the CPC's disciplinary regulations, the Chinese Communist Party Member Rights Ordinance and so on, mastering self-discipline standards of \"four must\ngs\ous types of disciplinary offence and punishment provisions. 2. series spoke. o XI General Secretary series important speech reading (2016 version) and out poverty for basic textbook, learning understand XI General Secretary series important speech of basic spirit, learning understand Central ruling acting political new concept new thought new strategy of basic content, learning understand XI General Secretary in Fujian work during advocate of \"four grassroots\" \"immediately on do\" \"drop\" \"weak bird first fly\" and the in Nanping research study proposed of \"gravity Xia moved\", and \"innovation mechanism\hought, Master and strengthen the party spirit, fulfills the purpose ideas, moral character, conservation related to the basic requirements. Main understand master following aspects content: (1) ideal faith is Communists spirit Shang of \"calcium\ht of worldview, and Outlook on life, and values; (2) China dream is national of dream, and national of dream, and people of dream, is Chinese modern yilai most great of dream, core Essentials is national prosperity, and national revitalization, and people happiness; (3) China features Socialist is achieved Chinese great revival of way, enhanced road confidence, and theory confidence, and system confidence; (4) \"four a full\" Strategy layout is new of history conditions Xia party ruling acting political total strategy, consciously with \"four a full\" led the work; (5) insisted innovation, and coordination, and green, and open, and shared development is relationship China development global of one deep change, according to new development concept do job; (6) practice line Socialist core values, promote Socialist thought moral and Chinese traditional virtue（1）民主集中制原则。 （2）社会主义法治原则。 （3）群众路线的原则。 （4）精简和效率的原则。 （5）责任制原则。
11．公民与人民有什么不同含义？
在我国，公民与人民是两个不同的概念。它们的区别是：
一是范畴不同。公民是与外国人（包括无国籍人）相对应的法律概念；人民是与敌人相对应的政治概念。 二是范围不同。我国公民的范围较人民的范围更为广泛。公民中除人民外，还包括人民的敌人。 三是后果不同。公民中的人民，享有宪法和法律规定的一切权利并履行全部义务；公民中的敌人，则不能享有全部权利，也不能履行公民的某些光荣义务。
四是公民所表达的一般是个体的概念，人民所表达的是群体的概念。
13．中国共产党的执政方式包括哪些方面？
组织和领导国家的立法和执法活动；（2分） 加强对人民军队的领导；（2分） 领导和管理干部工作；（2分） 组织和动员社会；（2分） 重视思想政治工作。（2分）
15．全国人民代表大会和全国人民代表大会常务委员会的主要职权是什么？
（1）全国人民代表大会的主要职权（这句话必须要）： 制宪和修宪权； 监督宪法实施权； 立法权；
其他方面的职权。
（2）全国人民代表大会常务委员会的主要职权（这句话必须要）： 立法权；
宪法和法律的解释权； 宪法实施的监督权；
对国家机关其他工作的监督权； 对其他国家机关工作人员的人事任免权； 对国家生活中重要问题的决定权； 全国人民代表大会授予的其他职权。 （以上少1项扣1分）
18．简述宪法中规定的国务院的性质和地位？
按照宪法规定，国务院是最高国家权力机关的执行机关，是最高国家行政机关。（4分）
国务院对全国的行政领导权，包括国务院统一领导全国地方各级国家行政机关的工作，规定中央和省、自治区、直辖市的国家行政机关的职权的具体划分，制定其它能够影响全国所有地方政府和居民的政策和措施，对地方各级行政机关具有绝对的、集中的权威和权力。（6分）
19.总理负责制体现在哪几个方面？
第一，总理全面领导国务院工作，国务院的工作由总理对全国人大及其常委会负责。总理是国务院的
ull strictly rule party is all members common responsibility, must implementation to each branch and each name members. 3 ... Play a vanguard and exemplary role in life. Keep to the correct political orientation, political sensitivity and political judgment, dare to fight against all kinds of wrong thought, wrong words and deeds. (2) firmly establish consciousness of the party, the party member's consciousness. Focus on some party members sense of organization and discipline, they do not participate in the Organization, is not required to pay membership dues for a long time, do not play a vanguard and exemplary role, some don't even mention membership, fail to make a distinction between right and wrong, failing to observe political discipline and rules, and so on. Always keep in mind that he is a Communist, strengthen party spirit, listening party, party, party, party, party party guarding party, at the party, the party for the party. (3) strengthening the consciousness of the party's
purpose. Focus on people's conception of some party members, lack of sense of service, do not care for the masses did not take the initiative, and some even hurt public interests, job, excellent thick friends, eating, and so on. Bearing in mind the fundamental purpose of serving, top people at heart, close ties with the masses, be kind to people, dedicated to public service and play a part in poverty relief, with practical actions to win the trust and support of the masses. (4) actively practicing the Socialist core values. Focus on do not observe stringent members, knowledge out of devotion, talk about ethics, good faith is not enough, and some even value distortions, moral misconduct, sexy vulgar, materialistic, and so on. Strengthening moral cultivation, Zonta for good, pay attention to self-discipline, spiritual pursuit, to internalize the core values into conscious action, with exemplary behavior influence and lead people. (5) set up in the practice of promoting reform, development and stability. Focus on some party members with the status quo, a less aggressive mood, depressed, saying sluggish again, just to get by not seeking guodeying, some even perfunctory address, evading responsibility and other issues. Actively adapt to the economic development of the new normal, seriously implement the new development philosophy, hard work hard work hard, based on their own dedication. Second, on the Council of the section-level cadres above requirements section above party cadres to take the lead in the education working closely with leading practice, learn more, better, more strict requirements, higher, and strive to improve the ideological and political quality and theoretical levels. 1. Constitution Party rules. System learning understanding CPC articles, in full grasp basic content of based Shang, focus master Constitution master and members, and party of organization system, and party of Central Organization, and party of place organization, and party of grass-roots organizations, and party of cadres, and party of discipline, chapter content, deep grasp \"two a vanguard\" of nature and mission, further clear \"four a service\" of requirements, master members leaders must has of six items basic conditions. Studying the code of self-discipline of the CPC the CPC disciplinary regulations regulations of the CPC local committees of the party work of the Chinese Communist Party (for trial implementation) Ordinance, such as the selection and appointment of party and Government leading cadres work of important laws and regulations withi2
balanced and run the satisfaction of the people education. Room XX City Bureau of educational supervision of XX municipality May 6, 2016 County economic information and Business Council System Committee \"two learn a do\" learning arrangements specific programme for advance full strictly rule party, according to County Organization Department on County \"two learn a do\" learning arrangements of specific programme and I Board learning education implementation programme spirit, according to distinguish level, and has targeted solution problem of requirements, ensure learning education made effectiveness, promote all members consciously respected Constitution, and comply with party rules, with XI General Secretary series important speech spirit armed mind, and guide practice, and Promote the work and be qualified party members and learning arrangements are hereby makes the following specific programmes. Learning requirements, on all party members to study the party Constitution and party rules and unify the XI series of important speech, General Secretary, speech learning series to deepen understanding of the Constitution Party rules, Constitution Party rules in the deep insight series address the basic spirit and practical requirements. 1. Constitution Party rules. Learning of the party Constitution, a deep understanding of the party's nature, purpose, guiding principles, goals, organization, good style, grasp conditions, rights and obligations of party members, bearing in mind that oath, clear qualified party member criteria and conditions. Learning the code of self-discipline of the CPC, the CPC's disciplinary regulations, the Chinese Communist Party Member Rights Ordinance and so on, mastering self-discipline standards of \"four must\ngs\ous types of disciplinary offence and punishment provisions. 2. series spoke. o XI General Secretary series important speech reading (2016 version) and out poverty for basic textbook, learning understand XI General Secretary series important speech of basic spirit, learning understand Central ruling acting political new concept new thought new strategy of basic content, learning understand XI General Secretary in Fujian work during advocate of \"four grassroots\" \"immediately on do\" \"drop\" \"weak bird first fly\" and the in Nanping research study proposed of \"gravity Xia moved\nd \"innovation mechanism\", important thought, Master and strengthen the party spirit, fulfills the purpose ideas, moral character, conservation related to the basic requirements. Main understand master following aspects content: (1) ideal faith is Communists spirit Shang of \"calcium\ht of worldview, and Outlook on life, and values; (2) China dream is national of dream, and national of dream, and people of dream, is Chinese modern yilai most great of dream, core Essentials is national prosperity, and national revitalization, and people happiness; (3) China features Socialist is achieved Chinese great revival of way, enhanced road confidence, and theory confidence, and system confidence; (4) \"four a full\" Strategy layout is new of history conditions Xia party ruling acting political total strategy, consciously with \"four a full\" led the work; (5) insisted innovation, and coordination, and green, and open, and shared development is relationship China development global of one deep change, according to new development concept do job; (6) practice line Socialist core values, promote Socialist thought moral and Chinese traditional virtue惟一法定责任人和最高领导人。（2分）
第二，在国务院内部，实行总理负责制。只有总理才是国务院的负责人，其他国务院组成人员只是总理的助手，并只对总理承担责任。（2分）
第三，总理享有国务院职责范围内的决策权。（2分）
第四，总理享有任免国务院组成人员及其他国务院工作人员的提名权（2分） 第五，总理享有决定、命令、行政法规和议案的签署权。（2分）
20．简述国务院的职权。
国务院的职权属于执行性质的权力。根据宪法规定，国务院拥有广泛、全面、统一领导国家行政活动的直接权力，以及为了保障这种领导得以实现的间接权力。 （1）国务院的直接权力：
行政立法和制令权； 对国务院机构和地方政府的行政领导权； 行政管理权； 国民经济和社会发展计划和国家预算的编制和执行权； 外交权。 （5分）
（2）国务院的间接权力： 立法提案权； 否决权； 戒严权；全国人大和全国人大常委会通过立法的形式授予的其它权力。（5分）
21．什么是行政监督？我国行政监督体制是怎样的？
行政监督是指对国家行政机关及其工作人员的职务行为是否合乎宪法和法律而实施的全面监察与督促。（1分）它包括： （1）上级监督（2分）
上级行政机关或行政领导有权对下级行政机关及其人员实施监督，也可以通过行政复议 撤销下级政府做出的错误的行政决定。 （1分） （2）审计监督（2分）
国家审计机关通过对行政机关的财政、财务和经济活动，进行全面监督和评价的方式，监督国家预算的分配与使用是否合法、合理和有益，以预防和纠正国家财政经济活动中的违法行为。（1分） （3）监察监督（2分）
国家行政监察机关通过检查、调查与处理等方式，对国家行政机关及其工作人员所实施的监督。 （1分）
22．什么是行政区划？其意义何在？
行政区划是国家为了进行分级管理而实行的国土和政治、行政权力的划分。通常在中央政府或组成联邦的次级地方政府的统一权威下，将国土或本地方区域加以一定的划分，形成一个个相互区别的区域，并在其上建立相应的政治、行政等国家机关组织，（7分）以方便国家或地方的管理，实现国家或次级地方的统治职能。（3分）
26.什么是民族自治地方？它有哪些基本形式？
民族自治地方是在少数民族聚居区基础上建立的实行民族区域自治的行政区域。在少数民族聚居的地方，根据当地民族关系、经济发展等条件，并参酌历史情况，可以建立以一个或者几个少数民族聚居区为基础的自治地方。（5分）
民族自治地方的基本形式有：
ull strictly rule party is all members common responsibility, must implementation to each branch and each name members. 3 ... Play a vanguard and exemplary role in life. Keep to the correct political orientation, political sensitivity and political judgment, dare to fight against all kinds of wrong thought, wrong words and deeds. (2) firmly establish consciousness of the party, the party member's consciousness. Focus on some party members sense of organization and discipline, they do not participate in the Organization, is not required to pay membership dues for a long time, do not play a vanguard and exemplary role, some don't even mention membership, fail to make a distinction between right and wrong, failing to observe political discipline and rules, and so on. Always keep in mind that he is a Communist, strengthen party spirit, listening party, party, party, party, party party guarding party, at the party, the party for the party. (3) strengthening the consciousness of the party's
purpose. Focus on people's conception of some party members, lack of sense of service, do not care for the masses did not take the initiative, and some even hurt public interests, job, excellent thick friends, eating, and so on. Bearing in mind the fundamental purpose of serving, top people at heart, close ties with the masses, be kind to people, dedicated to public service and play a part in poverty relief, with practical actions to win the trust and support of the masses. (4) actively practicing the Socialist core values. Focus on do not observe stringent members, knowledge out of devotion, talk about ethics, good faith is not enough, and some even value distortions, moral misconduct, sexy vulgar, materialistic, and so on. Strengthening moral cultivation, Zonta for good, pay attention to self-discipline, spiritual pursuit, to internalize the core values into conscious action, with exemplary behavior influence and lead people. (5) set up in the practice of promoting reform, development and stability. Focus on some party members with the status quo, a less aggressive mood, depressed, saying sluggish again, just to get by not seeking guodeying, some even perfunctory address, evading responsibility and other issues. Actively adapt to the economic development of the new normal, seriously implement the new development philosophy, hard work hard work hard, based on their own dedication. Second, on the Council of the section-level cadres above requirements section above party cadres to take the lead in the education working closely with leading practice, learn more, better, more strict requirements, higher, and strive to improve the ideological and political quality and theoretical levels. 1. Constitution Party rules. System learning understanding CPC articles, in full grasp basic content of based Shang, focus master Constitution master and members, and party of organization system, and party of Central Organization, and party of place organization, and party of grass-roots organizations, and party of cadres, and party of discipline, chapter content, deep grasp \"two a vanguard\" of nature and mission, further clear \"four a service\" of requirements, master members leaders must has of six items basic conditions. Studying the code of self-discipline of the CPC the CPC disciplinary regulations regulations of the CPC local committees of the party work of the Chinese Communist Party (for trial implementation) Ordinance, such as the selection and appointment of party and Government leading cadres work of important laws and regulations withi3
balanced and run the satisfaction of the people education. Room XX City Bureau of educational supervision of XX municipality May 6, 2016 County economic information and Business Council System Committee \"two learn a do\" learning arrangements specific programme for advance full strictly rule party, according to County Organization Department on County \"two learn a do\" learning arrangements of specific programme and I Board learning education implementation programme spirit, according to distinguish level, and has targeted solution problem of requirements, ensure learning education made effectiveness, promote all members consciously respected Constitution, and comply with party rules, with XI General Secretary series important speech spirit armed mind, and guide practice, and Promote the work and be qualified party members and learning arrangements are hereby makes the following specific programmes. Learning requirements, on all party members to study the party Constitution and party rules and unify the XI series of important speech, General Secretary, speech learning series to deepen understanding of the Constitution Party rules, Constitution Party rules in the deep insight series address the basic spirit and practical requirements. 1. Constitution Party rules. Learning of the party Constitution, a deep understanding of the party's nature, purpose, guiding principles, goals, organization, good style, grasp conditions, rights and obligations of party members, bearing in mind that oath, clear qualified party member criteria and conditions. Learning the code of self-discipline of the CPC, the CPC's disciplinary regulations, the Chinese Communist Party Member Rights Ordinance and so on, mastering self-discipline standards of \"four must\ngs\ous types of disciplinary offence and punishment provisions. 2. series spoke. o XI General Secretary series important speech reading (2016 version) and out poverty for basic textbook, learning understand XI General Secretary series important speech of basic spirit, learning understand Central ruling acting political new concept new thought new strategy of basic content, learning understand XI General Secretary in Fujian work during advocate of \"four grassroots\" \"immediately on do\" \"drop\" \"weak bird first fly\" and the in Nanping research study proposed of \"gravity Xia moved\", and \"innovation mechanism\hought, Master and strengthen the party spirit, fulfills the purpose ideas, moral character, conservation related to the basic requirements. Main understand master following aspects content: (1) ideal faith is Communists spirit Shang of \"calcium\ht of worldview, and Outlook on life, and values; (2) China dream is national of dream, and national of dream, and people of dream, is Chinese modern yilai most great of dream, core Essentials is national prosperity, and national revitalization, and people happiness; (3) China features Socialist is achieved Chinese great revival of way, enhanced road confidence, and theory confidence, and system confidence; (4) \"four a full\" Strategy layout is new of history conditions Xia party ruling acting political total strategy, consciously with \"four a full\" led the work; (5) insisted innovation, and coordination, and green, and open, and shared development is relationship China development global of one deep change, according to new development concept do job; (6) practice line Socialist core values, promote Socialist thought moral and Chinese traditional virtue（1）以一个民族聚居区为基础建立的民族自治地方。
（2）以两个或两个以上的少数民族聚居区为基础建立的民族自治地方。
（3）以一个较大民族聚居区为基础，其中包括级别不同的若干较小规模的其它民族聚居区而建立的民族自治地方。
（4）一个民族在多处有聚居区的，建立多个自治地方。
（5）对于有些少数民族聚居地区，因地域太小、人口太少，不宜建立自治地方和设立自治机关的，则通过在这些地区设立民族乡的办法，使这些地区的少数民族也能行使当家作主的权利。民族乡是对民族区域自治制度的一种补充。（5分）
27．简述一国两制的内涵及其核心内容。
“一国两制” 即“一个国家，两种制度”，就是在国家的部分地区，实行不同于其他地区的政治、经济和社会制度。这些地区的政府虽然享有高度的自治权，但性质仍然是国家的地方政府，不具有主权国家的性质和地位，不能行使国家主权。（4分）
“一国两制”的核心主要有以下两点：“一国两制”制度的实施，首先必须保证国家的统一。即“一个国家，两种制度”，就是在国家的部分地区，实行不同于其他地区的政治、经济和社会制度。这些实行不同制度的地区，是国家的组成部分，是统一国家的不可分隔的一部分；其次，邓小平说 “实行‘一个国家，两种制度’，具体说，就是在中华人民共和国内，大陆10亿人口实行社会主义制度，香港、台湾实行资本主义制度”。（6分）
30．法院的工作方式是什么？
（1）合议制（2分）
法院审判案件，实行合议制。合议制的形式是合议庭。合议庭是由审判人员集体审判案件的组织形式。（1分）
（2）两审终审制（2分）
法院审判案件，就审判程序而言是两审终审制，就法院体系而言是四级两审制。两审终审制，就是一起案件经过两级法院审判终结审判的制度。上级法院的第二审判决、裁定，就是终审判决、裁定。（1分）
（3）审判委员会（1分）
各级法院设立审判委员会。审判委员会的任务是总结审判经验，讨论重大的或者疑难的案件和其他有关审判工作的问题。（1分）
（4）案件审批制度（1分）
案件审判制度是指所有的案件在独任审判员或合议庭审理之后、判决之前，主审人员必须将案件审理的具体意见上报主管的行政业务领导审查决定的一项制度。（1分）
31．检察院的工作方式是什么？
（1）侦察（1分）
侦查是指检察院、公安机关（国家安全机关）在办理案件过程中，依照法律规定的专门调查工作和有关的强制性措施。按照法律规定，只有检察院和公安机关（国家安全机关）有侦查权。（1分）
（2）批捕（1分）
逮捕是国家司法机关所采取的、在一定时间内完全剥夺犯罪嫌疑人和被告人人身自由的、对于人身自由的最严厉的强制措施。目前在我国只有检察院和法院享有批捕权。（1分）
（3）公诉（1分）
检察院认为犯罪嫌疑人的犯罪事实已经查清，证据确实、充分，依法应当追究刑事责任的，应当做出起诉决定，按照审判管辖的规定，向法院提起公诉。（1分）
（4）抗诉（1分）
地方各级检察院认为本级法院第一审的判决、裁定确有错误的时候，应当向上一级法院提出抗诉。检
ull strictly rule party is all members common responsibility, must implementation to each branch and each name members. 3 ... Play a vanguard and exemplary role in life. Keep to the correct political orientation, political sensitivity and political judgment, dare to fight against all kinds of wrong thought, wrong words and deeds. (2) firmly establish consciousness of the party, the party member's consciousness. Focus on some party members sense of organization and discipline, they do not participate in the Organization, is not required to pay membership dues for a long time, do not play a vanguard and exemplary role, some don't even mention membership, fail to make a distinction between right and wrong, failing to observe political discipline and rules, and so on. Always keep in mind that he is a Communist, strengthen party spirit, listening party, party, party, party, party party guarding party, at the party, the party for the party. (3) strengthening the consciousness of the party's
purpose. Focus on people's conception of some party members, lack of sense of service, do not care for the masses did not take the initiative, and some even hurt public interests, job, excellent thick friends, eating, and so on. Bearing in mind the fundamental purpose of serving, top people at heart, close ties with the masses, be kind to people, dedicated to public service and play a part in poverty relief, with practical actions to win the trust and support of the masses. (4) actively practicing the Socialist core values. Focus on do not observe stringent members, knowledge out of devotion, talk about ethics, good faith is not enough, and some even value distortions, moral misconduct, sexy vulgar, materialistic, and so on. Strengthening moral cultivation, Zonta for good, pay attention to self-discipline, spiritual pursuit, to internalize the core values into conscious action, with exemplary behavior influence and lead people. (5) set up in the practice of promoting reform, development and stability. Focus on some party members with the status quo, a less aggressive mood, depressed, saying sluggish again, just to get by not seeking guodeying, some even perfunctory address, evading responsibility and other issues. Actively adapt to the economic development of the new normal, seriously implement the new development philosophy, hard work hard work hard, based on their own dedication. Second, on the Council of the section-level cadres above requirements section above party cadres to take the lead in the education working closely with leading practice, learn more, better, more strict requirements, higher, and strive to improve the ideological and political quality and theoretical levels. 1. Constitution Party rules. System learning understanding CPC articles, in full grasp basic content of based Shang, focus master Constitution master and members, and party of organization system, and party of Central Organization, and party of place organization, and party of grass-roots organizations, and party of cadres, and party of discipline, chapter content, deep grasp \"two a vanguard\" of nature and mission, further clear \"four a service\" of requirements, master members leaders must has of six items basic conditions. Studying the code of self-discipline of the CPC the CPC disciplinary regulations regulations of the CPC local committees of the party work of the Chinese Communist Party (for trial implementation) Ordinance, such as the selection and appointment of party and Government leading cadres work of important laws and regulations withi4
balanced and run the satisfaction of the people education. Room XX City Bureau of educational supervision of XX municipality May 6, 2016 County economic information and Business Council System Committee \"two learn a do\" learning arrangements specific programme for advance full strictly rule party, according to County Organization Department on County \"two learn a do\" learning arrangements of specific programme and I Board learning education implementation programme spirit, according to distinguish level, and has targeted solution problem of requirements, ensure learning education made effectiveness, promote all members consciously respected Constitution, and comply with party rules, with XI General Secretary series important speech spirit armed mind, and guide practice, and Promote the work and be qualified party members and learning arrangements are hereby makes the following specific programmes. Learning requirements, on all party members to study the party Constitution and party rules and unify the XI series of important speech, General Secretary, speech learning series to deepen understanding of the Constitution Party rules, Constitution Party rules in the deep insight series address the basic spirit and practical requirements. 1. Constitution Party rules. Learning of the party Constitution, a deep understanding of the party's nature, purpose, guiding principles, goals, organization, good style, grasp conditions, rights and obligations of party members, bearing in mind that oath, clear qualified party member criteria and conditions. Learning the code of self-discipline of the CPC, the CPC's disciplinary regulations, the Chinese Communist Party Member Rights Ordinance and so on, mastering self-discipline standards of \"four must\ngs\ous types of disciplinary offence and punishment provisions. 2. series spoke. o XI General Secretary series important speech reading (2016 version) and out poverty for basic textbook, learning understand XI General Secretary series important speech of basic spirit, learning understand Central ruling acting political new concept new thought new strategy of basic content, learning understand XI General Secretary in Fujian work during advocate of \"four grassroots\" \"immediately on do\" \"drop\" \"weak bird first fly\" and the in Nanping research study proposed of \"gravity Xia moved\nd \"innovation mechanism\", important thought, Master and strengthen the party spirit, fulfills the purpose ideas, moral character, conservation related to the basic requirements. Main understand master following aspects content: (1) ideal faith is Communists spirit Shang of \"calcium\ht of worldview, and Outlook on life, and values; (2) China dream is national of dream, and national of dream, and people of dream, is Chinese modern yilai most great of dream, core Essentials is national prosperity, and national revitalization, and people happiness; (3) China features Socialist is achieved Chinese great revival of way, enhanced road confidence, and theory confidence, and system confidence; (4) \"four a full\" Strategy layout is new of history conditions Xia party ruling acting political total strategy, consciously with \"four a full\" led the work; (5) insisted innovation, and coordination, and green, and open, and shared development is relationship China development global of one deep change, according to new development concept do job; (6) practice line Socialist core values, promote Socialist thought moral and Chinese traditional virtue察院提出抗诉的案件，法院应当再审。（1分）
（5）监督（1分）
检察院的司法监督贯穿整个诉讼过程。检察院有权监督公安机关（国家安全机关）的立案、侦察和法院审理案件。
（6）民主集中制（1分） （以上6点，少1点扣2分） 34．民主党派参政议政的主要形式。
（1）参政议政，即在中国共产党的领导下，各民主党派成员参加国家层面的政治活动，参与国家重大方针、政策、法律、法规的制定和执行；参与国家重大政治问题和国家机构领导人选的协商；参与国家事务的管理。参政议政的实行形式一般是中国共产党与各民主党派的协商。
（2）民主监督，即在多党合作和政治协商的框架下，由民主党派对中国共产党及中国共产党领导下的国家机关工作的监督。
（3）民主党派在人大和政协中参政议政。
（4）民主党派的成员被举荐担任各级政府和司法机关的一定职务。 35．从世界范围看公务员的概念和范围。我国是什么状况？
在国外，公务员的概念主要有三种类型：一是将公务员限定在行政系统内，并排除选举职和任命职。这一类型以英国最为典型。二是将公务员范围扩大到整个行政系统的所有工作人员，美国即属这一类型。三是所有国家机关的工作人员以及公共企事业单位的人员。法国属于这一类型。(5分)
中国公务员必须同时具备三个要件：一是依法履行公职，二是纳入国家行政编制；三是由国家财政负担工资福利。包括除工勤人员以外的七类机关工作人员，即在中国共产党机关、人大机关、行政机关、政协机关、审判机关、检察机关和民主党派机关中的工作人员。此外，具有公共事务管理职能的事业单位中除工勤人员以外的工作人员，经批准参照公务员法进行管理。(5分)
38．中国的选举制度如何保障选举人权利？
（1）选举人权利的保障
保障选举人的选举权利，主要是保障公民通过投票行使自己的选举权时，可以自由地表达自己的意志。任何人不得在任何时候采取任何方式追查选举人的选举行为。法律既要保障选举人自由投票的权利，也要保障公民自愿放弃选举权的权利。(5分)
（2）秘密投票和差额选举
全国和地方各级人民代表大会的选举，一律采取秘密投票的方式，遵循差额选举的原则。(5分)
39．简述村民自治的实质和内容。
村民自治的实质，就是让广大农民群众自己当家作主，村民通过民主的形式组织起来，进行自我管理、自我教育、自我服务，共同办理好本村的各项事务。(4分)村民自治主要包括四个方面，即民主选举、民主决策、民主管理、民主监督。其中民主选举是村民自治的基础，民主决策是村民自治的关键，民主管理是村民自治的根本，民主监督是村民自治的保证。从操作的角度看，村民自治主要包括三个基本环节：即制定村委会选举办法，保证民主选举；建立村民代表会议制度，保证民主决策；制定村民自治章程，保证民主管理。(6分) （五）
论述题（每题20分）
（六）
1．什么是人民民主专政制度？它的主要内容是什么？
人民民主专政制度是中华人民共和国的国体，它居于中国政治制度多层次结构中的内层，是中国最根本的政治制度。我国的人民民主专政是以毛泽东为代表的中国共产党人在领导中国人民进行新民主主义革命的过程中，把马克思主义的无产阶级专政学说同中国革命的具体实践相结合而发展出来的具有中国特色的无产阶级专政形式。（5分）
ull strictly rule party is all members common responsibility, must implementation to each branch and each name members. 3 ... Play a vanguard and exemplary role in life. Keep to the correct political orientation, political sensitivity and political judgment, dare to fight against all kinds of wrong thought, wrong words and deeds. (2) firmly establish consciousness of the party, the party member's consciousness. Focus on some party members sense of organization and discipline, they do not participate in the Organization, is not required to pay membership dues for a long time, do not play a vanguard and exemplary role, some don't even mention membership, fail to make a distinction between right and wrong, failing to observe political discipline and rules, and so on. Always keep in mind that he is a Communist, strengthen party spirit, listening party, party, party, party, party party guarding party, at the party, the party for the party. (3) strengthening the consciousness of the party's
purpose. Focus on people's conception of some party members, lack of sense of service, do not care for the masses did not take the initiative, and some even hurt public interests, job, excellent thick friends, eating, and so on. Bearing in mind the fundamental purpose of serving, top people at heart, close ties with the masses, be kind to people, dedicated to public service and play a part in poverty relief, with practical actions to win the trust and support of the masses. (4) actively practicing the Socialist core values. Focus on do not observe stringent members, knowledge out of devotion, talk about ethics, good faith is not enough, and some even value distortions, moral misconduct, sexy vulgar, materialistic, and so on. Strengthening moral cultivation, Zonta for good, pay attention to self-discipline, spiritual pursuit, to internalize the core values into conscious action, with exemplary behavior influence and lead people. (5) set up in the practice of promoting reform, development and stability. Focus on some party members with the status quo, a less aggressive mood, depressed, saying sluggish again, just to get by not seeking guodeying, some even perfunctory address, evading responsibility and other issues. Actively adapt to the economic development of the new normal, seriously implement the new development philosophy, hard work hard work hard, based on their own dedication. Second, on the Council of the section-level cadres above requirements section above party cadres to take the lead in the education working closely with leading practice, learn more, better, more strict requirements, higher, and strive to improve the ideological and political quality and theoretical levels. 1. Constitution Party rules. System learning understanding CPC articles, in full grasp basic content of based Shang, focus master Constitution master and members, and party of organization system, and party of Central Organization, and party of place organization, and party of grass-roots organizations, and party of cadres, and party of discipline, chapter content, deep grasp \"two a vanguard\" of nature and mission, further clear \"four a service\" of requirements, master members leaders must has of six items basic conditions. Studying the code of self-discipline of the CPC the CPC disciplinary regulations regulations of the CPC local committees of the party work of the Chinese Communist Party (for trial implementation) Ordinance, such as the selection and appointment of party and Government leading cadres work of important laws and regulations withi5
balanced and run the satisfaction of the people education. Room XX City Bureau of educational supervision of XX municipality May 6, 2016 County economic information and Business Council System Committee \"two learn a do\" learning arrangements specific programme for advance full strictly rule party, according to County Organization Department on County \"two learn a do\" learning arrangements of specific programme and I Board learning education implementation programme spirit, according to distinguish level, and has targeted solution problem of requirements, ensure learning education made effectiveness, promote all members consciously respected Constitution, and comply with party rules, with XI General Secretary series important speech spirit armed mind, and guide practice, and Promote the work and be qualified party members and learning arrangements are hereby makes the following specific programmes. Learning requirements, on all party members to study the party Constitution and party rules and unify the XI series of important speech, General Secretary, speech learning series to deepen understanding of the Constitution Party rules, Constitution Party rules in the deep insight series address the basic spirit and practical requirements. 1. Constitution Party rules. Learning of the party Constitution, a deep understanding of the party's nature, purpose, guiding principles, goals, organization, good style, grasp conditions, rights and obligations of party members, bearing in mind that oath, clear qualified party member criteria and conditions. Learning the code of self-discipline of the CPC, the CPC's disciplinary regulations, the Chinese Communist Party Member Rights Ordinance and so on, mastering self-discipline standards of \"four must\ngs\ous types of disciplinary offence and punishment provisions. 2. series spoke. o XI General Secretary series important speech reading (2016 version) and out poverty for basic textbook, learning understand XI General Secretary series important speech of basic spirit, learning understand Central ruling acting political new concept new thought new strategy of basic content, learning understand XI General Secretary in Fujian work during advocate of \"four grassroots\" \"immediately on do\" \"drop\" \"weak bird first fly\" and the in Nanping research study proposed of \"gravity Xia moved\", and \"innovation mechanism\hought, Master and strengthen the party spirit, fulfills the purpose ideas, moral character, conservation related to the basic requirements. Main understand master following aspects content: (1) ideal faith is Communists spirit Shang of \"calcium\ht of worldview, and Outlook on life, and values; (2) China dream is national of dream, and national of dream, and people of dream, is Chinese modern yilai most great of dream, core Essentials is national prosperity, and national revitalization, and people happiness; (3) China features Socialist is achieved Chinese great revival of way, enhanced road confidence, and theory confidence, and system confidence; (4) \"four a full\" Strategy layout is new of history conditions Xia party ruling acting political total strategy, consciously with \"four a full\" led the work; (5) insisted innovation, and coordination, and green, and open, and shared development is relationship China development global of one deep change, according to new development concept do job; (6) practice line Socialist core values, promote Socialist thought moral and Chinese traditional virtue人民民主专政制度规定了中华人民共和国的一切权力（首先是国家权力）属于人民。人民是国家的主人，在我国现阶段，人民指的是全体社会主义劳动者、拥护社会主义的爱国者和拥护祖国统一的爱国者。全体人民当家作主，参与管理国家和社会事务，享有各项民主权利。这是人民民主专政最基本、最重要的内容，它表明我国实行的民主是历史上最广泛、最真实的民主。人民民主专政制度还规定工人阶级是中国的领导阶级，工农联盟是中国国家政权的阶级基础。人民民主专政的一个显著特点是建立了广泛的爱国统一战线。（5分）
人民民主专政作为我国最根本的政治制度，决定和制约着其他一切政治制度。它体现在国家基本政治制度和其他具体政治制度之中，并且贯穿这些制度的全过程。（5分）
中华人民共和国宪法是人民民主专政的集中体现。（2分） 人民民主专政的核心是坚持工人阶级对国家的领导权。（2分）
人民民主专政制度只规定了国家的性质和人民有权行使国家权力，但就“如何行使”以及“采取何种组织形式去行使”等具体问题却没有作详细的规定。这需要由其他的制度来具体规定和实施（1分）。
2．联系实际说明宪法的基本原则。 例如，（结合实际占4分）
宪法的基本原则主要有人民主权原则、人权保障原则、权力制约原则和法治原则。
人民主权原则（2分）：主权是指一个国家所拥有的独立自主地处理其内外事务的最高权力。人民主权原则指的是国家中的绝大多数人拥有国家的最高权力，或者说国家的一切权力属于人民。社会主义国家确立了人民主权的原则，在宪法中予以确认，并且规定了人民行使主权的方式。（2分）
联系实际：例如“人民主权的原则”在我国是最好的体现：宪法第二条规定：“中华人民共和国的且权力属于人民。人民行使国家权力的机关是去年国人民代表大会。”
人权保障原则（2分）：人权是指人依据其自然属性和社会本质所应平等享有的权利。社会主义国家在本质上由人民当家作主，人民在国家生活中处于主导的支配地位，而公民的权利和自由是人民当家作主的首要前提和直接表现，这就必然要求通过各种途径和形式来确保公民能够享受各种权利和自由。因此，社会主义国家理所应当地在宪法中确认了人权保障原则。（2分）
结合实际：例如人权保障原则：2001年在武汉科技学院艺术设计专业毕业生孙志刚在广州打工，因未携带任何证件，被区公安分局收容，致死。2003年5月3位法学博士以中国公民的名义，向全国人大常委会上书，建议对《收容遣送办法》进行违宪审查。2003年6月18日，国务院总理温家宝主持召开了国务院常务会议，审议并原则通过了《城市生活无着的流浪乞讨人员救助管理办法》，并于8月1日起实施。实施了21年的《城市流浪乞讨人员收容遣送办法》宣告废止。“孙志刚事件”和三博士上书事件，将被记入中国依法治国的历史之中：这是中国公民首次行使违宪审查建议权，由此引发的关于全国人大应当尽快启动违宪审查制度的讨论，也将对中国依法治国的进程起到一定的推动作用。
权力制约原则（2分）：权力制约原则是指国家权力的各部分之间相互牵制、彼此约束、互相监督，以保障国家权力正常运行并进而保障公民权利的原则。社会主义国家虽然不认同三权分立的原则，但也主张国家机关的职能分工和相互制约、相互监督。首先，社会主义国家设立国家权力机关统一行使国家权力，在此基础上一般将国家权力划分为立法、行政和司法三部分，分别由三个不同的机关独立行使（其中立法权由国家权力机关行使）；其次，作为权力机关的人民代表大会由民主选举产生，对人民负责，受人民监督。其他国家机关如行政机关、审判机关和检察机关等由人民代表大会产生，对它负责，受它监督。再次，各级行政机关和审判机关、检察机关在执行国家法律的时候要互相配合，互相制约。（2分）
法治原则（2分）：法治也称“法的统治”，是指统治阶级按照民主原则把国家事务法律化、制度化，并严格依法进行治理的一种思想理念、制度体系和运行状态。我国宪法所确立的国家制度和社会制度是民主制度，人民通过各级人民代表大会行使自己的民主权利，不允许有任何破坏社会主义民主、侵犯公民权利的专制权力。（2分）
结合实际：例如我国“依法治国”入宪。1999年3月15日九届全国人大二次会议修改后宪法明确规定：“中华人民共和国实行依法治国，建设社会主义法治国家。” “法治”成为国家意志，此举具有
ull strictly rule party is all members common responsibility, must implementation to each branch and each name members. 3 ... Play a vanguard and exemplary role in life. Keep to the correct political orientation, political sensitivity and political judgment, dare to fight against all kinds of wrong thought, wrong words and deeds. (2) firmly establish consciousness of the party, the party member's consciousness. Focus on some party members sense of organization and discipline, they do not participate in the Organization, is not required to pay membership dues for a long time, do not play a vanguard and exemplary role, some don't even mention membership, fail to make a distinction between right and wrong, failing to observe political discipline and rules, and so on. Always keep in mind that he is a Communist, strengthen party spirit, listening party, party, party, party, party party guarding party, at the party, the party for the party. (3) strengthening the consciousness of the party's
purpose. Focus on people's conception of some party members, lack of sense of service, do not care for the masses did not take the initiative, and some even hurt public interests, job, excellent thick friends, eating, and so on. Bearing in mind the fundamental purpose of serving, top people at heart, close ties with the masses, be kind to people, dedicated to public service and play a part in poverty relief, with practical actions to win the trust and support of the masses. (4) actively practicing the Socialist core values. Focus on do not observe stringent members, knowledge out of devotion, talk about ethics, good faith is not enough, and some even value distortions, moral misconduct, sexy vulgar, materialistic, and so on. Strengthening moral cultivation, Zonta for good, pay attention to self-discipline, spiritual pursuit, to internalize the core values into conscious action, with exemplary behavior influence and lead people. (5) set up in the practice of promoting reform, development and stability. Focus on some party members with the status quo, a less aggressive mood, depressed, saying sluggish again, just to get by not seeking guodeying, some even perfunctory address, evading responsibility and other issues. Actively adapt to the economic development of the new normal, seriously implement the new development philosophy, hard work hard work hard, based on their own dedication. Second, on the Council of the section-level cadres above requirements section above party cadres to take the lead in the education working closely with leading practice, learn more, better, more strict requirements, higher, and strive to improve the ideological and political quality and theoretical levels. 1. Constitution Party rules. System learning understanding CPC articles, in full grasp basic content of based Shang, focus master Constitution master and members, and party of organization system, and party of Central Organization, and party of place organization, and party of grass-roots organizations, and party of cadres, and party of discipline, chapter content, deep grasp \"two a vanguard\" of nature and mission, further clear \"four a service\" of requirements, master members leaders must has of six items basic conditions. Studying the code of self-discipline of the CPC the CPC disciplinary regulations regulations of the CPC local committees of the party work of the Chinese Communist Party (for trial implementation) Ordinance, such as the selection and appointment of party and Government leading cadres work of important laws and regulations withi6
balanced and run the satisfaction of the people education. Room XX City Bureau of educational supervision of XX municipality May 6, 2016 County economic information and Business Council System Committee \"two learn a do\" learning arrangements specific programme for advance full strictly rule party, according to County Organization Department on County \"two learn a do\" learning arrangements of specific programme and I Board learning education implementation programme spirit, according to distinguish level, and has targeted solution problem of requirements, ensure learning education made effectiveness, promote all members consciously respected Constitution, and comply with party rules, with XI General Secretary series important speech spirit armed mind, and guide practice, and Promote the work and be qualified party members and learning arrangements are hereby makes the following specific programmes. Learning requirements, on all party members to study the party Constitution and party rules and unify the XI series of important speech, General Secretary, speech learning series to deepen understanding of the Constitution Party rules, Constitution Party rules in the deep insight series address the basic spirit and practical requirements. 1. Constitution Party rules. Learning of the party Constitution, a deep understanding of the party's nature, purpose, guiding principles, goals, organization, good style, grasp conditions, rights and obligations of party members, bearing in mind that oath, clear qualified party member criteria and conditions. Learning the code of self-discipline of the CPC, the CPC's disciplinary regulations, the Chinese Communist Party Member Rights Ordinance and so on, mastering self-discipline standards of \"four must\ngs\ous types of disciplinary offence and punishment provisions. 2. series spoke. o XI General Secretary series important speech reading (2016 version) and out poverty for basic textbook, learning understand XI General Secretary series important speech of basic spirit, learning understand Central ruling acting political new concept new thought new strategy of basic content, learning understand XI General Secretary in Fujian work during advocate of \"four grassroots\" \"immediately on do\" \"drop\" \"weak bird first fly\" and the in Nanping research study proposed of \"gravity Xia moved\nd \"innovation mechanism\", important thought, Master and strengthen the party spirit, fulfills the purpose ideas, moral character, conservation related to the basic requirements. Main understand master following aspects content: (1) ideal faith is Communists spirit Shang of \"calcium\ht of worldview, and Outlook on life, and values; (2) China dream is national of dream, and national of dream, and people of dream, is Chinese modern yilai most great of dream, core Essentials is national prosperity, and national revitalization, and people happiness; (3) China features Socialist is achieved Chinese great revival of way, enhanced road confidence, and theory confidence, and system confidence; (4) \"four a full\" Strategy layout is new of history conditions Xia party ruling acting political total strategy, consciously with \"four a full\" led the work; (5) insisted innovation, and coordination, and green, and open, and shared development is relationship China development global of one deep change, according to new development concept do job; (6) practice line Socialist core values, promote Socialist thought moral and Chinese traditional virtue划时代的意义。
3．试述中国共产党领导军队的根本原则。
党指挥枪是中国共产党处理与军队关系的传统和领导军队的根本原则（2分），其基本含义是：一方面在党与军队的关系上，党高于军队，政治高于军事，政权高于军权；另一方面，在军队的领导权归属问题上，明确了中国共产党对军队的绝对领导地位，是中国共产党而不是任何其他力量可以和能够领导军队。（2分）
党指挥枪原则体现为中国共产党对军队实行政治上、思想上、组织上的绝对领导（2分）。 中国共产党对军队政治上的领导就是军队必须服从和实现中国共产党的纲领、路线、方针、政策和政治原则；中国共产党的政治目标就是军队的政治目标，军队不允许持有与中国共产党的政治目标不同的其他任何政治目标和政治主张；在军队中，只能宣传和贯彻中国共产党的纲领、路线、方针、政策，绝不允许宣传、渗透、奉行其他任何政治思想和主张。（2分）
首先，中国共产党对军队思想上的领导就是军队必须奉行中国共产党所奉行的理论和意识形态，信仰马克思列宁主义毛泽东思想邓小平理论，用这些思想和理论武装军队的头脑；不允许在军队中传播任何反马克思主义、非马克思主义的理论和思想；保持军队在坚持四项基本原则基础上的思想上的纯洁性，使军队能够在政治上与中国共产党保持一致、在军事上自觉听从中国共产党的指挥。（4分）
从具体手段上说，中国共产党对军队组织上的领导首先表现为中国共产党在组织系统地实行对军队的严格控制和领导。
其次，中国共产党对军队的组织领导体现在中国共产党在军队中层层建立党组织，使中国共产党党组织成为军队中更为集中、更有凝聚力的组织核心，从而实现中国共产党对军队的领导。中国共产党对军队的组织领导是排他性的。（4分）
再次，中国共产党通过独具特色的政治工作制度保证对军队的领导。军队中的政治工作制度由政治委员制度和政治机关制度构成。（4分）
4．我国的政体是什么？如何理解它是中国的根本政治制度？
所谓根本政治制度意味着：
第一，人民代表大会制度直接反映了中国的国家性质（2分）。宪法规定“中华人民共和国是工人阶级领导的、以工农联盟为基础的人民民主专政的社会主义国家。”国家的一切权力，包括运用和行使国家政权的权力属于人民。人民代表大会是人民行使国家政权的组织形式。（2分）
第二，人民代表大会制度在整个国家的政治制度体系中具有“根本性”的权力渊源地位（2分），其他的国家制度、国家机构，其权力、合法性均来自于人民代表大会制度，在宪法和法律上，人民代表大会与其他制度和机构相比，是本源性的、根本性的。（4分）
第三，人民代表大会是“人民”行使统治和管理国家政权权力的、具有相对低成本和较高可接近性的机构（2分）。相比较而言，在现有的国家政治制度中，人民代表大会与“人民”的距离最近、“人民”最容易进入和产生影响，人民代表大会最具有直接代表和反映“人民”意愿和要求的能力。（2分） 第四，人民代表大会制度的丰富内涵也决定了它具有一种“根本性” （2分）。所谓人民代表大会制度，就是以人民代表大会为基石构建的国家政权体系，它主要规定了人民代表大会同产生它的人民的关系，规定了人民代表大会同它产生的‘一府两院’等其他国家机关的关系，规定了中国共产党同人民代表大会及其他国家机关的关系。选举制度是人民代表大会制度的基础。民主集中制是人民代表大会制度的组织原则。这三个‘关系’、一个‘基础’、一个‘原则’，概括地反映了我国政治生活的全貌，集中地体现了国家的性质。一句话，人民代表大会制度是实现党的领导和人民当家作主的有效的政权组织形式。” （2分）
第五，人民代表大会的“根本性”还在于它与西方议会民主制具有根本的区别（2分）。中国实行中国共产党领导下的多党合作制度，西方国家实行多党竞争制度。一党领导的多党合作制度与多党地位平等的多党竞争制度需要不同的政党生存和竞争的制度空间。与中国共产党领导下的多党合作制度相适应的政
ull strictly rule party is all members common responsibility, must implementation to each branch and each name members. 3 ... Play a vanguard and exemplary role in life. Keep to the correct political orientation, political sensitivity and political judgment, dare to fight against all kinds of wrong thought, wrong words and deeds. (2) firmly establish consciousness of the party, the party member's consciousness. Focus on some party members sense of organization and discipline, they do not participate in the Organization, is not required to pay membership dues for a long time, do not play a vanguard and exemplary role, some don't even mention membership, fail to make a distinction between right and wrong, failing to observe political discipline and rules, and so on. Always keep in mind that he is a Communist, strengthen party spirit, listening party, party, party, party, party party guarding party, at the party, the party for the party. (3) strengthening the consciousness of the party's
purpose. Focus on people's conception of some party members, lack of sense of service, do not care for the masses did not take the initiative, and some even hurt public interests, job, excellent thick friends, eating, and so on. Bearing in mind the fundamental purpose of serving, top people at heart, close ties with the masses, be kind to people, dedicated to public service and play a part in poverty relief, with practical actions to win the trust and support of the masses. (4) actively practicing the Socialist core values. Focus on do not observe stringent members, knowledge out of devotion, talk about ethics, good faith is not enough, and some even value distortions, moral misconduct, sexy vulgar, materialistic, and so on. Strengthening moral cultivation, Zonta for good, pay attention to self-discipline, spiritual pursuit, to internalize the core values into conscious action, with exemplary behavior influence and lead people. (5) set up in the practice of promoting reform, development and stability. Focus on some party members with the status quo, a less aggressive mood, depressed, saying sluggish again, just to get by not seeking guodeying, some even perfunctory address, evading responsibility and other issues. Actively adapt to the economic development of the new normal, seriously implement the new development philosophy, hard work hard work hard, based on their own dedication. Second, on the Council of the section-level cadres above requirements section above party cadres to take the lead in the education working closely with leading practice, learn more, better, more strict requirements, higher, and strive to improve the ideological and political quality and theoretical levels. 1. Constitution Party rules. System learning understanding CPC articles, in full grasp basic content of based Shang, focus master Constitution master and members, and party of organization system, and party of Central Organization, and party of place organization, and party of grass-roots organizations, and party of cadres, and party of discipline, chapter content, deep grasp \"two a vanguard\" of nature and mission, further clear \"four a service\" of requirements, master members leaders must has of six items basic conditions. Studying the code of self-discipline of the CPC the CPC disciplinary regulations regulations of the CPC local committees of the party work of the Chinese Communist Party (for trial implementation) Ordinance, such as the selection and appointment of party and Government leading cadres work of important laws and regulations withi7
balanced and run the satisfaction of the people education. Room XX City Bureau of educational supervision of XX municipality May 6, 2016 County economic information and Business Council System Committee \"two learn a do\" learning arrangements specific programme for advance full strictly rule party, according to County Organization Department on County \"two learn a do\" learning arrangements of specific programme and I Board learning education implementation programme spirit, according to distinguish level, and has targeted solution problem of requirements, ensure learning education made effectiveness, promote all members consciously respected Constitution, and comply with party rules, with XI General Secretary series important speech spirit armed mind, and guide practice, and Promote the work and be qualified party members and learning arrangements are hereby makes the following specific programmes. Learning requirements, on all party members to study the party Constitution and party rules and unify the XI series of important speech, General Secretary, speech learning series to deepen understanding of the Constitution Party rules, Constitution Party rules in the deep insight series address the basic spirit and practical requirements. 1. Constitution Party rules. Learning of the party Constitution, a deep understanding of the party's nature, purpose, guiding principles, goals, organization, good style, grasp conditions, rights and obligations of party members, bearing in mind that oath, clear qualified party member criteria and conditions. Learning the code of self-discipline of the CPC, the CPC's disciplinary regulations, the Chinese Communist Party Member Rights Ordinance and so on, mastering self-discipline standards of \"four must\ngs\ous types of disciplinary offence and punishment provisions. 2. series spoke. o XI General Secretary series important speech reading (2016 version) and out poverty for basic textbook, learning understand XI General Secretary series important speech of basic spirit, learning understand Central ruling acting political new concept new thought new strategy of basic content, learning understand XI General Secretary in Fujian work during advocate of \"four grassroots\" \"immediately on do\" \"drop\" \"weak bird first fly\" and the in Nanping research study proposed of \"gravity Xia moved\", and \"innovation mechanism\hought, Master and strengthen the party spirit, fulfills the purpose ideas, moral character, conservation related to the basic requirements. Main understand master following aspects content: (1) ideal faith is Communists spirit Shang of \"calcium\ht of worldview, and Outlook on life, and values; (2) China dream is national of dream, and national of dream, and people of dream, is Chinese modern yilai most great of dream, core Essentials is national prosperity, and national revitalization, and people happiness; (3) China features Socialist is achieved Chinese great revival of way, enhanced road confidence, and theory confidence, and system confidence; (4) \"four a full\" Strategy layout is new of history conditions Xia party ruling acting political total strategy, consciously with \"four a full\" led the work; (5) insisted innovation, and coordination, and green, and open, and shared development is relationship China development global of one deep change, according to new development concept do job; (6) practice line Socialist core values, promote Socialist thought moral and Chinese traditional virtue党活动空间是人民代表大会，而与西方多党竞争相适应的政党活动空间是议会民主制。在目前阶段，在中国实行有中国特色的社会主义政治制度具有根本的重要政治意义，因此具有中国特色的政治制度所必然要求的政党活动空间的模式——人民代表大会制度也就具有了根本性的地位和意义。（2分）
6．试述我国民族政策的基本原则和主要内容。
（1）民族平等和民族团结的原则。
（2）各民族平等参与国家事务管理的原则。 （3）民族区域自治原则。
（4）加快少数民族经济发展的政策。 （5）少数民族人口政策。
（6）发展少数民族教育事业的政策。
（7）尊重和发展少数民族语言、文字的政策。 （8）尊重少数民族的宗教信仰自由的政策。 （9）保护少数民族历史文化遗产的政策。 （10）尊重少数民族风俗习惯的政策。
（以上10点，少1点扣2分。须稍作展开论述，否则扣5分）
8．中国干部管理制度的主要内容是什么？
（1）党管干部原则
党管干部原则，即只有中央及党的各级地方委员会才拥有处理干部管理及其相关事务的权力。这是中国干部人事制度的根本原则和基本制度。
党管干部也是中国共产党干部管理的根本原则。干部管理的基本体制是分部分级管理。中国共产党管理全国干部的核心是干部任免权。干部调配是中国共产党党管干部的一个重要方面。(5分)
（2）干部录用
干部录用，即按照一定的原则，采取一定的方式吸纳干部的制度。它是整个干部队伍的“进口”，直接关系到干部的数量和质量，是干部人事管理的主要环节。
录用干部按照“德才兼备”的原则， “实行公开招考、自愿报名、坚持考试、德智体全面衡量、择优录用”的办法。
干部录用的渠道主要有考试录用，转业军人、大中专毕业生录用，从企事业、工厂和农村吸收，培训录用等。(5分)
（3）干部任用制度
干部任用制度，即用人单位根据一定的条件与标准，遵循特定的原则，运用一定的方式，合理使用工作人员的制度。中国干部任用制度的方式主要包括：考任、选任、委任、聘任。(5分)
（4）鉴定考核制度
鉴定考核制度，是指在全国范围内实行的、在干部录用提拔过程中进行的、对干部的正式评价制度。 干部鉴定必须考核坚持德才兼备原则，考核内容包括德、能、勤、绩四个方面。“德”主要包括政治品质、思想作风和职业道德等内容；“能”主要是指公务员从事本职工作的业务知识和工作能力；“勤”主要是指公务员的工作态度和勤奋敬业的表现，包括工作积极性、纪律性、责任感、出勤率等内容；“绩”就是公务员的工作成绩和实际贡献，即完成工作的数量、质量、效益和贡献。
鉴定考核可以采用公开或秘密的方式，主要由中国共产党组织部门和被鉴定人所在单位的组织做出。(5分)
11．什么是公务员回避制度？请联系实际加以说明。
回避是指通过对公务员担任职务、执行公务、任职地区等方面做出限制性规定，减少因亲属关系等人
ull strictly rule party is all members common responsibility, must implementation to each branch and each name members. 3 ... Play a vanguard and exemplary role in life. Keep to the correct political orientation, political sensitivity and political judgment, dare to fight against all kinds of wrong thought, wrong words and deeds. (2) firmly establish consciousness of the party, the party member's consciousness. Focus on some party members sense of organization and discipline, they do not participate in the Organization, is not required to pay membership dues for a long time, do not play a vanguard and exemplary role, some don't even mention membership, fail to make a distinction between right and wrong, failing to observe political discipline and rules, and so on. Always keep in mind that he is a Communist, strengthen party spirit, listening party, party, party, party, party party guarding party, at the party, the party for the party. (3) strengthening the consciousness of the party's
purpose. Focus on people's conception of some party members, lack of sense of service, do not care for the masses did not take the initiative, and some even hurt public interests, job, excellent thick friends, eating, and so on. Bearing in mind the fundamental purpose of serving, top people at heart, close ties with the masses, be kind to people, dedicated to public service and play a part in poverty relief, with practical actions to win the trust and support of the masses. (4) actively practicing the Socialist core values. Focus on do not observe stringent members, knowledge out of devotion, talk about ethics, good faith is not enough, and some even value distortions, moral misconduct, sexy vulgar, materialistic, and so on. Strengthening moral cultivation, Zonta for good, pay attention to self-discipline, spiritual pursuit, to internalize the core values into conscious action, with exemplary behavior influence and lead people. (5) set up in the practice of promoting reform, development and stability. Focus on some party members with the status quo, a less aggressive mood, depressed, saying sluggish again, just to get by not seeking guodeying, some even perfunctory address, evading responsibility and other issues. Actively adapt to the economic development of the new normal, seriously implement the new development philosophy, hard work hard work hard, based on their own dedication. Second, on the Council of the section-level cadres above requirements section above party cadres to take the lead in the education working closely with leading practice, learn more, better, more strict requirements, higher, and strive to improve the ideological and political quality and theoretical levels. 1. Constitution Party rules. System learning understanding CPC articles, in full grasp basic content of based Shang, focus master Constitution master and members, and party of organization system, and party of Central Organization, and party of place organization, and party of grass-roots organizations, and party of cadres, and party of discipline, chapter content, deep grasp \"two a vanguard\" of nature and mission, further clear \"four a service\" of requirements, master members leaders must has of six items basic conditions. Studying the code of self-discipline of the CPC the CPC disciplinary regulations regulations of the CPC local committees of the party work of the Chinese Communist Party (for trial implementation) Ordinance, such as the selection and appointment of party and Government leading cadres work of important laws and regulations withi8
balanced and run the satisfaction of the people education. Room XX City Bureau of educational supervision of XX municipality May 6, 2016 County economic information and Business Council System Committee \"two learn a do\" learning arrangements specific programme for advance full strictly rule party, according to County Organization Department on County \"two learn a do\" learning arrangements of specific programme and I Board learning education implementation programme spirit, according to distinguish level, and has targeted solution problem of requirements, ensure learning education made effectiveness, promote all members consciously respected Constitution, and comply with party rules, with XI General Secretary series important speech spirit armed mind, and guide practice, and Promote the work and be qualified party members and learning arrangements are hereby makes the following specific programmes. Learning requirements, on all party members to study the party Constitution and party rules and unify the XI series of important speech, General Secretary, speech learning series to deepen understanding of the Constitution Party rules, Constitution Party rules in the deep insight series address the basic spirit and practical requirements. 1. Constitution Party rules. Learning of the party Constitution, a deep understanding of the party's nature, purpose, guiding principles, goals, organization, good style, grasp conditions, rights and obligations of party members, bearing in mind that oath, clear qualified party member criteria and conditions. Learning the code of self-discipline of the CPC, the CPC's disciplinary regulations, the Chinese Communist Party Member Rights Ordinance and so on, mastering self-discipline standards of \"four must\ngs\ous types of disciplinary offence and punishment provisions. 2. series spoke. o XI General Secretary series important speech reading (2016 version) and out poverty for basic textbook, learning understand XI General Secretary series important speech of basic spirit, learning understand Central ruling acting political new concept new thought new strategy of basic content, learning understand XI General Secretary in Fujian work during advocate of \"four grassroots\" \"immediately on do\" \"drop\" \"weak bird first fly\" and the in Nanping research study proposed of \"gravity Xia moved\nd \"innovation mechanism\", important thought, Master and strengthen the party spirit, fulfills the purpose ideas, moral character, conservation related to the basic requirements. Main understand master following aspects content: (1) ideal faith is Communists spirit Shang of \"calcium\ht of worldview, and Outlook on life, and values; (2) China dream is national of dream, and national of dream, and people of dream, is Chinese modern yilai most great of dream, core Essentials is national prosperity, and national revitalization, and people happiness; (3) China features Socialist is achieved Chinese great revival of way, enhanced road confidence, and theory confidence, and system confidence; (4) \"four a full\" Strategy layout is new of history conditions Xia party ruling acting political total strategy, consciously with \"four a full\" led the work; (5) insisted innovation, and coordination, and green, and open, and shared development is relationship China development global of one deep change, according to new development concept do job; (6) practice line Socialist core values, promote Socialist thought moral and Chinese traditional virtue为因素的干扰，保证公务员公正廉洁地执行公务的制度。(3分)
第一，回避范围。凡有以下四种亲属关系中的任何一种，应当进行任职回避：一是夫妻关系；二是直系血亲关系，包括有自然血缘联系的亲属（主要包括祖父母、外祖父母、父母、子女、孙子女、外孙子女等）以及“法律拟制直系血亲”（如养父母和养子女之间的关系）；三是三代以内旁系血亲关系，主要包括父母的兄弟姐妹及其子女、自身的兄弟姐妹及其子女，即伯叔姑舅姨、兄弟姐妹、堂兄弟姐妹、表兄弟姐妹、侄子女、甥子女；四是近姻亲关系，包括配偶的父母和兄弟姐妹、子女的配偶及其父母、兄弟姐妹的配偶。(4分)
第二，回避的类型：一是任职回避，即有上述亲属关系的公务员，不得在同一机关担任双方直接隶属于同一领导人员的职务，不得在同一单位担任双方有直接上下级关系的职务，也不得在一方担任领导职务的机关中从事组织、人事、纪检、监察、审计和财务工作。但是，因地域或者工作性质特殊，需要变通执行任职回避的，由省级以上公务员主管部门规定。二是地区回避，即公务员不得在本人成长地担任县委书记、县（市）长职务以及县（市）纪检机关、组织部门、人民法院、人民检察院和公安部门主要领导职务。三是公务回避，即公务员在执行公务时，遇有法定情形，避免影响正当履行公务而进行的回避。公务回避主要包括三种情况：涉及本人利害关系的，涉及与本人有上述四种亲属关系人员的利害关系的；其他可能影响公正执行公务的。(4分)
第三，回避管理，即回避提起和决定程序。公务员回避的提起包括三种情况：一是公务员主动向管理机关提出回避申请；二是利害关系人有权申请公务员回避；三是不是利害关系人的其他人尽管不能直接提起回避申请，但可向机关提供公务员需要回避的情况，由机关来决定是否需要回避。(4分)
例如，（联系实际占5分）
教材第３７２页练习的案例分析 （仅供参考）
如南方某市市长王某的秘书小李因工作关系和王市长的女儿产生了爱情。两人登记结婚。此前李秘书向机关人事部门递交了调离市政府办公厅的申请。
回避范围：李秘书和王市长是近姻亲关系
任职回避：李秘书和王市长属于在同一单位担任双方有直接上下级关系的职务 回避管理：李秘书主动向管理机关提出回避申请符合回避管理的程序
ull strictly rule party is all members common responsibility, must implementation to each branch and each name members. 3 ... Play a vanguard and exemplary role in life. Keep to the correct political orientation, political sensitivity and political judgment, dare to fight against all kinds of wrong thought, wrong words and deeds. (2) firmly establish consciousness of the party, the party member's consciousness. Focus on some party members sense of organization and discipline, they do not participate in the Organization, is not required to pay membership dues for a long time, do not play a vanguard and exemplary role, some don't even mention membership, fail to make a distinction between right and wrong, failing to observe political discipline and rules, and so on. Always keep in mind that he is a Communist, strengthen party spirit, listening party, party, party, party, party party guarding party, at the party, the party for the party. (3) strengthening the consciousness of the party's
purpose. Focus on people's conception of some party members, lack of sense of service, do not care for the masses did not take the initiative, and some even hurt public interests, job, excellent thick friends, eating, and so on. Bearing in mind the fundamental purpose of serving, top people at heart, close ties with the masses, be kind to people, dedicated to public service and play a part in poverty relief, with practical actions to win the trust and support of the masses. (4) actively practicing the Socialist core values. Focus on do not observe stringent members, knowledge out of devotion, talk about ethics, good faith is not enough, and some even value distortions, moral misconduct, sexy vulgar, materialistic, and so on. Strengthening moral cultivation, Zonta for good, pay attention to self-discipline, spiritual pursuit, to internalize the core values into conscious action, with exemplary behavior influence and lead people. (5) set up in the practice of promoting reform, development and stability. Focus on some party members with the status quo, a less aggressive mood, depressed, saying sluggish again, just to get by not seeking guodeying, some even perfunctory address, evading responsibility and other issues. Actively adapt to the economic development of the new normal, seriously implement the new development philosophy, hard work hard work hard, based on their own dedication. Second, on the Council of the section-level cadres above requirements section above party cadres to take the lead in the education working closely with leading practice, learn more, better, more strict requirements, higher, and strive to improve the ideological and political quality and theoretical levels. 1. Constitution Party rules. System learning understanding CPC articles, in full grasp basic content of based Shang, focus master Constitution master and members, and party of organization system, and party of Central Organization, and party of place organization, and party of grass-roots organizations, and party of cadres, and party of discipline, chapter content, deep grasp \"two a vanguard\" of nature and mission, further clear \"four a service\" of requirements, master members leaders must has of six items basic conditions. Studying the code of self-discipline of the CPC the CPC disciplinary regulations regulations of the CPC local committees of the party work of the Chinese Communist Party (for trial implementation) Ordinance, such as the selection and appointment of party and Government leading cadres work of important laws and regulations withi9
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