卡特尔不稳定性及原因

第一、市场力量的大小(The size of market forces）

卡特尔市场力量越大，越有可能从提价中获取超额利润，欺骗的动力就越小。在进出壁垒很低时，协议的高价格带来的高利润将吸引新厂商进入，或者是成员偷偷削价争夺市场，结果导致供过于求,卡特尔的市场力量就会下降,面临的剩余需求曲线在长期弹性很大,不稳定性也较大。

Cartel of market forces， the more likely to get the excess profits from the price， the smaller the deceptive power. In and out of low barriers to entry, the protocol of the high prices of the high profits will attract new companies to enter， or a member of the secret price-cutting competition for the market, resulting in oversupply， market forces will drop cartel, the residual demand curve facing the long-term very flexible, have greater instability。

第二、内部成员的欺骗动机(Internal members’deceptive motivation

）

这是一个典型的“囚徒困境”。给定其他企业的生产数量和价格都不变,那么一个成员企业偷偷地增加产量将会获得额外的巨大好处,这会激励成员企业偷偷增加产量,如果每个成员企业都偷偷增加产量,显然市场总供给大量增加,市场价格必然下降，卡特尔限产提价的努力将瓦解

Cartel

members

have

deceived

internal

motivation:This

is

a

typical ”Prisoner’s Dilemma”, given the other enterprise production quantity and price are the same，then a member of the firm secretly increased production

will get extra great benefits, which will encourage member companies to increase production secretly，secretly if every member companies are increasing production, apparently a significant increase in the total market supply， the market price is bound to decline, the cartel's efforts to limit production price will collapse.

第三、组织成本的大小（The size of organizational costs）

卡特尔组织成本越低,稳定性就越强。厂商数量很少,行业高度集中，各厂商产品差异性不大,组织成本就会较低.关于最后一点，如果产品差异很大,确定价格时就难以达成一致,随着产品改进又要修订价格,增加调查鉴定和协商等费用。另外,自律组织如商业协会的存在,有助于规范成员行为，形成有效的协调机制，减少沟通成本,也就有利于保持卡特尔的稳定。

Cartel,the lower the cost, stability will be.A small number of manufacturers, the industry is highly concentrated，the manufacturers product were not significant，the cost would be less organized。On this last point,if the product is very different,it is difficult to determine the price agreed with the revised price of product improvements and also to increase the identification surveys and consultations and other expenses.In addition, the self—regulatory organizations such as business associations exist to help regulate the conduct of members, the formation of effective coordination mechanisms to reduce communication costs， it is conducive to maintaining the stability of the cartel.

第四、国际反垄断法（International Antitrust Law)

随着各国政府反垄断法的实施，卡特尔也可能因为违反了政府法律而被迫解体，也正因为如此，许多卡特尔都是国际性卡特尔，以规避国内的反垄断法.

In addition,as governments implement antitrust，cartels may also be because the government violated the law forced disintegration， but also because of this,

many cartels are international cartels,to circumvent domestic antitrust laws。